You can reach Ayn Jalut Battlefield via the 71 road, a 35 minute drive from Nazareth. An country with a diverse religious, cultural, and political history, Israel is home to a number of striking sites which are essential for any visitor wanting to understand the rich history of the area.
Here's our pick of 10 which you shouldn't miss. Image Credit: Shutterstock. Israel Historic Sites An country with a diverse religious, cultural, and political history, Israel is home to a number of striking sites which are essential for any visitor wanting to understand the rich history of the area. Ayn Jalut Battlefield. Alternative Name. Medieval, Middle East. Building Category. Each Khan sought to expand his own portion of the empire through further conquests.
After all, a prophecy predicted that Genghis Khan and his offspring would one day rule "all the people of the felt tents.
Nominally, at least, the other khans all answered to the Great Khan. Mongke Khan appointed his brother Hulagu to head the southwestern horde, the Ilkhanate. While the Mongols were busy with their ever-expanding empire, the Islamic world was fighting off Christian Crusaders from Europe. His descendants used increasing numbers of Mamluk soldiers in their internecine struggles for power. The Mamluks were an elite corps of warrior-enslaved people, mostly from Turkic or Kurdish Central Asia, but also including some Christians from the Caucasus region of south-eastern Europe.
Captured and sold as young boys, they were carefully groomed for life as military men. Being a Mamluk became such an honor that some free-born Egyptians reportedly sold their sons into enslavement so that they too could become Mamluks. In the tumultuous times surrounding the Seventh Crusade which led to the capture of King Louis IX of France by the Egyptians , the Mamluks steadily gained power over their civilian rulers.
This was the beginning of the Bahri Mamluk Dynasty, which ruled Egypt until Ironically, Qutuz was Turkic probably a Turkmen , and had become a Mamluk after he was captured and sold into enslavement by the Ilkhanate Mongols. Hulagu's campaign to subdue the Islamic lands began with an assault on the infamous Assassins or Hashshashin of Persia.
A splinter group of the Isma'ili Shia sect, the Hashshashin were based out of a cliff-side fortress called the Alamut, or "Eagle's Nest. Next, Hulagu Khan and the Ilkhanate army launched their assault on the Islamic heartlands proper with a siege on Baghdad, lasting from January 29 to February 10, At that time, Baghdad was the capital of the Abbasid caliphate the same dynasty that had battled the Chinese at Talas River in , and the center of the Muslim world.
The caliph relied on his belief that the other Islamic powers would come to his aid rather than see Baghdad destroyed. Unfortunately for him, that did not happen. When the city fell, the Mongols sacked and destroyed it, slaughtering hundreds of thousands of civilians and burning down the Grand Library of Baghdad.
The victors rolled the caliph inside a rug and trampled him to death with their horses. Baghdad, the flower of Islam, was wrecked. This was the fate of any city that resisted the Mongols, according to Genghis Khan's own battle plans. In , the Mongols turned their attention to Syria.
After only a seven-day siege, Aleppo fell, and some of the population was massacred. Having seen the destruction of Baghdad and Aleppo, Damascus surrendered to the Mongols without a fight. The center of the Islamic world now drifted south to Cairo.
Interestingly enough, during this time the Crusaders controlled several small coastal principalities in the Holy Land. The Mongols approached them, offering an alliance against the Muslims. The Crusaders' erstwhile enemies, the Mamluks, also sent emissaries to the Christians offering an alliance against the Mongols. Discerning that the Mongols were a more immediate threat, the Crusader states opted to remain nominally neutral, but agreed to allow the Mamluk armies to pass unhindered through Christian-occupied lands.
In , Hulagu sent two envoys to Cairo with a threatening letter for the Mamluk sultan. It said, in part: "To Qutuz the Mamluk, who fled to escape our swords. You should think of what happened to other countries and submit to us. You have heard how we have conquered a vast empire and have purified the earth of the disorders that tainted it.
We have conquered vast areas, massacring all the people. Whither can you flee? What road will you use to escape us? Our horses are swift, our arrows sharp, our swords like thunderbolts, our hearts as hard as the mountains, our soldiers as numerous as the sand. In response, Qutuz had the two ambassadors sliced in half, and set their heads up on the gates of Cairo for all to see. He likely knew that this was the gravest possible insult to the Mongols, who practiced an early form of diplomatic immunity.
About: Battle of Ain Jalut. Sie endete mit einem entscheidenden Sieg der Mamluken. The battle marked the height of the extent of Mongol conquests, and was the first time a Mongol advance had ever been permanently beaten back in direct combat on the battlefield. Continuing the westward expansion of the Mongol Empire, the armies of Hulagu Khan captured and sacked Baghdad in , along with the Ayyubid capital of Damascus sometime later.
Hulagu sent envoys to Cairo demanding Qutuz surrender Egypt, to which Qutuz responded by killing the envoys and displaying their heads on the Bab Zuweila gate of Cairo. Shortly after this, Hulagu returned to Mongolia with the bulk of his army in accordance with Mongol customs, leaving approximately 10, troops west of the Euphrates under the command of general Kitbuqa.
Learning of these developments, Qutuz quickly advanced his army from Cairo towards Palestine. Kitbuqa sacked Sidon, before turning his army south towards the Spring of Harod to meet Qutuz' forces. Using hit-and-run tactics and a feigned retreat by Mamluk general Baibars, combined with a final flanking maneuver by Qutuz, the Mongol army was pushed in a retreat toward Bisan, after which the Mamluks led a final counterattack, which resulted in the death of several Mongol troops, along with Kitbuqa himself.
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