Chitosan was also found to increase the production of glucanohydrolases, specific phytoalexins with antifungal activity and of lignin-like material and reduced macerating enzymes such as polygalacturonases and pectin methylesterase Ali et al. Chitosan amendment increased harvested yield for some horticultural and ornamental commodities, and also enhanced plant growth and suppressed some of the notorious soil-borne diseases even in soil-less production systems e.
Lafontaine and Benhamou Control of the post-harvest diseases also important task of the biocontrol because it suggests alternatives to the use of pesticides on fresh produce in storage. The addition of chitosan stimulated degradation of pathogens in a way resembling the application of a hyperparasite Benhamou With chitosan coating, the ripening was delayed by modifying the internal atmosphere, which decreasing decays due to pathogens El Ghaouth et al.
Several biopesticides or biofertilisers have been developed based on chito-oligosaccharides and chitosan-oligosaccharides. Interestingly, the level of the applications of these two oligosaccharides is very different because of the more developed production techniques of chitosan-oligosaccharides than those of chitooligosaccharides.
The large-scale production technology of chitosan-oligosaccharides is highly developed and widely used; meanwhile, the mature chito-oligosaccharides production technology is lagging. Several commercial products have been developed and applied to agriculture. However, the method of application of these oligosaccharides is not optimised due to the lack of understanding of the related mechanisms Yin et al.
Therefore, the future task is to solve the large-scale production technology of chito-oligosaccharides; ensure the suitable degree of polymerisation and degree of acetylation-controlled production technology and elucidate the chitosan-oligosaccharides signal recognition and transduction in a controlled standardised environment in plants. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Mycology v. Published online May Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Received Jan 22; Accepted May 2. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Introduction Chitin is the second abundant polysaccharide N-acetyl-glucosamine polymer on Earth. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. PR proteins in plants In plants, inducible defence-related proteins have been described upon infection with fungi, bacteria, viruses, oomycetes, or insect attack.
Resistance and signalling in plants In plants, resistance genes R-genes act as an immune system by recognising pathogens and inducing defensive pathways. Figure 2. Chitin derived molecules and symbiotic signalling Chitin-derived molecules not only induce plant immune responses, but they also seem to be symbiotic signalling compounds reviewed by Genre and Russo Fungal potential against host immune system Many pathogens make their first contact with plant cells in the apoplast, the extracellular space in plant tissue that is also a source of nutrients and shelter for many microbes.
Biocontrol and other agricultural applications Organic agriculture relies on employment of disease-resistant crop cultivars and techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost and biological disease control. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
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