Functions and Utility of Alu Jumping Genes. Transposons: The Jumping Genes. DNA Transcription. What is a Gene? Colinearity and Transcription Units.
Copy Number Variation. Copy Number Variation and Genetic Disease. Copy Number Variation and Human Disease. Tandem Repeats and Morphological Variation. Chemical Structure of RNA. Eukaryotic Genome Complexity. RNA Functions. Citation: Clancy, S. Nature Education 1 1 How does the cell convert DNA into working proteins? The process of translation can be seen as the decoding of instructions for making proteins, involving mRNA in transcription as well as tRNA. Aa Aa Aa.
Figure Detail. Where Translation Occurs. Figure 3: A DNA transcription unit. A DNA transcription unit is composed, from its 3' to 5' end, of an RNA-coding region pink rectangle flanked by a promoter region green rectangle and a terminator region black rectangle. Genetics: A Conceptual Approach , 2nd ed. All rights reserved. The Elongation Phase.
Figure 6. Termination of Translation. Comparing Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Translation. References and Recommended Reading Chapeville, F. European Journal of Biochemistry , — Grunberger, D. Nucleic Acids Research 15 , — Pierce, B.
Article History Close. Share Cancel. Revoke Cancel. Keywords Keywords for this Article. Save Cancel. Flag Inappropriate The Content is: Objectionable. Flag Content Cancel. Email your Friend. Submit Cancel. This content is currently under construction. Explore This Subject. Translation is the decoding of the mRNA into proteins. The main difference between transcription and translation is that transcription involves the production of RNA from DNA whereas translation involves the protein synthesis by decoding the mRNA.
What is Transcription — Definition, Process, Characteristics 2. What is Translation — Definition, Process, Characteristics 3. What is the difference between Nucleolus and Nucleus.
Transcription is the first step of the gene expression process. This piece of RNA is called the primary transcript. It is complementary and antiparallel to the DNA sequence which it is copied from.
The genes encoded for proteins produce mRNAs. Other RNA types are considered to help the synthesis, regulation and processing of proteins. Their genome consists of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA.
During the RNA replication, a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA which can be utilised in the translation lately, is produced. This excludes the formation of Okazaki fragments as in DNA replication. The process of transcription occurs in four steps: initiation, promoter escape, elongation and termination.
Transcription is initiated by the binding of RNA polymerase into the promoter, with the aid of associated proteins called transcription factors. Initiation of the transcription is regulated by activators and repressors. After the formation of transcription initiation complex, a few nucleotides are added, and RNA polymerase escapes from the promoter.
Then transcription elongation complex is formed. The nucleotide precursors used are adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine. The fourth molecule is messenger RNA. Francis Crick, who was the co-discoverer of the DNA structure is known to be the founder of translation. He is the one who did the maximum work of deciding the genetic code and helped in developing the related theories of human biology and anatomy. The first step is activation, the second step is initiation, the third step is elongation and fourth step is termination.
Transcription is a process that begins when RNA polymer binds with the promoter sequence at the beginning of the gene. The first step of the transcription process is the activation which is to get ready. The activation step is followed by the initiation. DNA is the basic building block of any living organism which stores primary and crucial genetic information of the individual. There are various by-products of DNA that are used by the body to function smoothly, especially the cell processes.
Transcription and translation play an indispensable role and are fundamental in the process of DNA functioning. Any deviation or even a little change can badly impact the entire sequence of processes and would not allow them to function properly. So if I also try to summarize this difference then it is the mRNA that does all the crucial work in transcription and translation processes.
Differences in translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Intro to gene expression central dogma. Next lesson. Current timeTotal duration Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. Video transcript - [Voiceover] We've already talked about how DNA's structure as this double helix, this twisted ladder, makes it suitable for being the molecular basis of heredity.
And what we wanna do in this video is get a better appreciation for why it is suitable, and the mechanism by which it is the molecular basis for heredity. And we're gonna focus on a conceptual level, I'm not gonna go into all of the, I guess you could say biochemical details.
Really just give you the conceptual idea of what happens. And just to be clear, and we talked about this in the introductory video to DNA, DNA is much more than, you know, a handful of base pairs. The DNA molecule can be tens of millions of base pairs long. So for example this might be a section of a much longer molecule, so the much longer strand of DNA, and even there I'm probably not giving justice to it. But this might just be this very, very small section, let me do this in a different color, this little section right over here, zoomed in.
So once again it might be part of a molecule that has not seven or eight base pairs, but might have 70 million base pairs. So just like that. So let's understand what a molecular basis of heredity would need to do. Well first of all it would need to be replicable. Or we would need to be able to replicate it. As a cell divides, the two new cells would want to have the same genetic material. So how does DNA replicate? And this process is called replication.
And we covered this in the introduction video as well, but it's nice to see the different processes next to each other. And replication, you can imagine taking either splitting these two sides of the ladder, and actually let's do that.
So let me copy and paste, so if I take that side right over there, so let me copy and then paste it. And then there we go, a little bit of it is dropping below the video but I think that serves the purpose.
And then let's copy and paste the other side. So let me select that. And then I copy and then I paste, and it's just like that. And so you can imagine if you were to split these, these things you could call them two sides of the ladder, that either side could be used to construct the other side. And then you would have two strands, two identical strands of the DNA.
And so let's see what that actually looks like. So let me get my pen tool out now, let me deselect this, get the pen tool out. It's a new tool I'm using, so let me make sure I'm doing it right.
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