These schools are officially recognized by the courts in matters pertaining to religious education and training and personal status marriage, divorce, inheritance, and will and the related litigation. In any region where the followers of any of these schools constitute a majority, the local regulations will be in accordance with that school within the jurisdiction of the local councils, with due observance of the rights of the adherents of other schools.
Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians among Iranians are the only recognized religious minorities and they are free to perform their religious rites and ceremonies within the framework of law and to act in accordance with their own canon in matters of personal law and religious education. God does not forbid you from dealing kindly and justly with those who have not fought with you because of your religion and who did not expel you from your homes, [].
This article applies to those who do not engage in conspiracy and hostile measures against Islam and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Script, Calendar, And Flag. The official and common language and script of the people of Iran is Persian. Official documents, correspondence and texts, as well as text-books must be in this language and script.
However, the use of regional and tribal languages in the press and mass media, as well as the teaching of their literature in schools alongside Persian is allowed. Since Arabic is the language of the Quran and Islamic sciences and teachings, and Persian literature is thoroughly permeated with this language, it must be taught, in all classes and in all areas of study, from after the primary level until the end of secondary school.
The official calendar of the country commences from the migration hijrah of the Messenger of Islam, may God bless him and his Family. Both the solar and the lunar Islamic calendars are recognized, but government offices will follow the solar calendar. Friday is the official weekly holiday.
The Rights of the People. All the people of Iran, regardless of ethnic group or tribe, enjoy equal rights; color, race, language and the like do not bestow any privilege. All citizens of the country, men and women, enjoy equal protection of the law as well all human, political, economic, social and cultural rights in conformity with Islamic criteria.
The government must ensure the comprehensive rights of women in conformity with Islamic criteria, and accomplish the following :. Protection of mothers, particularly during pregnancy and child rearing, and protection of children without guardians ;. Establishment of competent courts for protection and preservation of the family ;.
Provision of special insurance for widows, aged women, and women without support ;. The dignity, life, property, rights, residence, and occupation of the individual are inviolate, except in cases sanctioned by law. The investigation of the beliefs of persons is forbidden, and no one may be molested or prosecuted for holding a belief. Publications and the press have freedom of expression, except when it is detrimental to the fundamental principles of Islam or the rights of the public, and the details will be specified by law.
Except as provided by law, the inspection and interception of letters, recording and disclosure of telephone conversations, disclosure of telegraphic and telex communications, censorship, or willful failure to transmit them, eavesdropping, and all forms of covert investigation are forbidden.
The formation of parties, societies, political or professional guilds, as well as religious associations, Islamic or pertaining to one of the recognized religious minorities, is permitted provided they do not violate the principles of independence, freedom, and national unity, Islamic criteria and the basis of the Islamic Republic.
No one may be prevented from participating in the aforementioned groups, or compelled to participate therein. Public gatherings and marches, held without carrying arms, are allowed, provided they are not injurious to the fundamentals of Islam. Everyone has the right to choose any occupation he wishes provided it does not infringe on the rights of others and is not contrary to Islam and public interests.
It is universal right to benefit from social security in respect of retirement, unemployment, old age, disability, being stranded, absence of a guardian, accidents, and from health and medical services and care provided through insurance or other means. The government must provide the afore-mentioned services and financial support for every individual citizen by drawing, in accordance with law, on national revenues and funds obtained through public contributions.
The government must provide all citizens with free education up to secondary school, and must expand free higher education to the extent required by the country for attaining self-sufficiency. It is the right of every Iranian individual and family to possess housing commensurate with his needs. The government must make facilitate the implementation of this article by giving priority to those whose needs are greater, in particular the rural population and the workers.
No one may be arrested except by the order of and in accordance with the procedure laid down by law. In case of arrest, the charges along with the grounds for accusation must be communicated without delay and explained in writing to the accused, and a provisional dossier must be forwarded to the competent judicial authorities within a maximum of twenty-four hours so that the preliminaries of the trial can be completed as soon as possible. Violation of this article will be liable to penal action in accordance with law.
No one may be banished from his place of residence, or prevented from residing in the place of his choice, or compelled to reside in a given locality, except in cases provided by law.
It is the indisputable right of every citizen to seek justice by recourse to competent courts. All citizens have right of access to such courts, and no one may be barred from courts to which he has a lawful right of recourse. Both parties to a lawsuit have the right to select an attorney in all courts of law. If they are unable to do so, arrangements must be made to provide them with an attorney.
Only competent courts are entitled to pass a sentence and execute it in accordance with law. Innocence is to be presumed, and no one is to be held guilty of a charge unless his guilt has been proved in a competent court. All forms of torture for the purpose of extracting confessions or acquiring information are forbidden.
It is not permissible to compel individuals to testify, confess, or take an oath. Any testimony, confession, or oath obtained under duress is devoid of value and credence. Violation of this article is liable to punishment in accordance with law. Affronts, in whatever form, to the dignity and repute of persons arrested, detained, imprisoned, or banished, in accordance with law, are forbidden and liable to punishment.
No one is entitled to exercise his rights in a way injurious to others or detrimental to public interests. Iranian citizenship is the indisputable right of every Iranian, and the government cannot withdraw citizenship from any Iranian unless he himself requests it or acquires the citizenship of another country.
Foreign nationals may acquire Iranian citizenship within the framework of law. Citizenship may be withdrawn from such persons if another State accepts them as citizens or if they request it. The Economy and Finance. Provision of basic necessities for all citizens: housing, food, clothing, hygiene, medical treatment, education, and the necessary facilities for establishing family ;.
Securing conditions and opportunities of employment for everyone for the purpose of attaining full employment, and placing the means of work at the disposal of everyone able to work but lacking the means, through cooperatives, interest-free loans, or any other legitimate means that neither results in the concentration or circulation of wealth in the hands of a few individuals or groups, nor turns the government into a major and ubiquitous employer.
Prohibition of infliction of harm or loss upon others, monopoly, hoarding, usury, and other invalid and unlawful dealings ;. Prohibition of extravagance and wastefulness in all matters related to the economy, including consumption, investment, production, distribution and services ;. The economy of the Islamic Republic of Iran will consist of three sectors, namely: state, cooperative and private. It is to be based on systematic and sound planning. The state sector will include all large-scale and mother industries, foreign trade, major minerals, banking, insurance, power generation, dams and large-scale irrigation networks, radio and television, post, telegraph and telephone services, aviation, shipping, roads, railroads and the like.
All these will be publicly owned and managed by the State. The cooperative sector will include cooperative companies and enterprises engaged in production and distribution, and constituted in urban and rural areas in accordance with Islamic regulations. The private sector consists of activities related to agriculture, animal husbandry, industry, trade, and services that supplement the economic activities of the state and cooperative sectors.
The detailed scope, regulations, and conditions pertaining to each of these sectors will be specified by law. Detailed procedures for the utilization of each of the foregoing will be specified by law.
Everyone owns the fruits of his legitimate trade and work, and no one may deprive another of the opportunity of trade or work under the pretext of his own right of ownership over his trade or work. Private ownership, legitimately acquired, is to be respected. The relevant criteria will be determined by law. If he cannot be identified, it must be entrusted to the public treasury. This rule must be executed by the government after proper investigation and furnishing of necessary evidence in accordance with Islamic law.
The preservation of the environment - wherein the present as well as the future generations have a right to a flourishing social existence - is considered a public duty in the Islamic Republic. Economic and other activities that involve pollution of the environment or cause irreparable damage to it are therefore forbidden. Taxes of any kind may not be imposed except in accordance with law. Provisions for tax exemption and reduction will be determined by law.
Any changes in budget figures will be in accordance with procedures determined by law. All receipts collected by the government will be deposited into government accounts at the central treasury, and all disbursements will be made within approved credits in accordance with law. Its organization and administration in Tehran and provincial capitals are to be determined by law.
In accordance with the procedure specified by law the Accounts Bureau will inspect and audit all the accounts of the ministries, government institutions and companies as well as other organizations that draw in any way on the general budget of the country, to ensure that no expenditure exceeds approved credits and that all sums are spent for their specified purpose. The Accounts Bureau will collect all relevant accounts, documents, and records in accordance with law and submit an annual budget clearance report, along with its own comments, to the Islamic Parliament of Iran.
This report must be made accessible to the public. National Sovereignty and Powers. Derived from it. Absolute sovereignty of the universe and Man belongs to God, and it is He Who has made the human being master of its own social destiny.
No one may deprive the human being of this God-given right, nor subordinate it to vested interests of some individual or group. The people are to exercise this God-given right in ways specified in the following articles. These powers are independent of each other. The functions of the Legislature are to be exercised by the Islamic Parliament of Iran, consisting of the elected representatives of the people. Legislation approved by this body, after covering the stages specified in the following articles, is communicated to the Executive and the Judiciary for implementation.
In very important economic, political, social, and cultural matters, the functions of the legislature may be exercised through direct recourse to popular vote through a referendum. Any request for such direct recourse to public opinion must be approved by two-thirds of the members of the Islamic Parliament of Iran. Excepting matters that are directly placed under the jurisdiction of the Leadership by the Constitution, the functions of the Executive are to be exercised by the President and the ministers.
The Legislature. The qualifications of voters and candidates as well as the character of the elections will be specified by law. The term of membership of the Islamic Parliament of Iran is four years.
Elections for each term must take place before the end of the preceding term, so that the country is never left without a Parliament. The number of representatives of the Islamic Parliament of Iran shall be two hundred and seventy, and for every decade since the national referendum of H.
The Zoroastrians and Jews will each elect one representative; Assyrian and Chaldean Christians will jointly elect one representative; and Armenian Christians in the north and the south will each elect one representative. The boundaries of the election constituencies and the number of representatives will be determined by law. After elections, the sessions of the Islamic Parliament of Iran will have a quorum with two-thirds of the members present.
Drafts and bills will be passed in accordance with the approved internal procedure, excepting cases where another quorum is specified by the Constitution. A quorum of two-thirds of its members is required for approval of the internal code of procedure. The representatives must take the following oath at the first session of the Parliament and affix their signatures to its text :.
In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful. Members belonging to religious minorities will swear by their own scriptures while taking this oath. Members absent from the first session will take the oath at the first session they attend. In time of war and military occupation of the country, elections in occupied areas or throughout the country may be withheld for a specified period on the proposal of the President of the Republic, approved by three-fourths of all the members of the Islamic Parliament of Iran, and endorsed by the Guardian Council.
In the absence of a new Parliament, the present one will continue to function. The deliberations of the Islamic Parliament of Iran must be open, and full minutes of them must be made available to the public through the radio and the official gazette. A closed session may be held in emergency conditions, if such is required for national security, upon the request of the President, or one of the ministers, or ten members of the Parliament.
Legislation passed during closed session is valid only when approved by three-fourths of the members in the presence of the Guardian Council. After emergency conditions have ceased, the minutes of such closed sessions and any legislation approved by them must be made available to the public. The President, his deputies, and the ministers have a right to participate in the open sessions of the Parliament either collectively or individually.
They may also be accompanied by their advisers. Also, if the members of the Parliament so require, the ministers are obliged to attend, and their statements will be heard upon their request. The Islamic Parliament of Iran may pass laws in all matters, within the jurisdiction defined by the Constitution.
It is the duty of the Guardian Council to determine any such violation, in accordance with Article 96 of the Constitution. The interpretation of ordinary laws falls within the competence of the Islamic Parliament of Iran. The intent of this Article does not preclude interpretation by judges in their effort to ascertain the truth. Government bills are presented to the Islamic Parliament of Iran after the approval of the Cabinet of Ministers. The Islamic Parliament of Iran has the right to investigate and examine all the affairs of the country.
All international treaties, protocols, contracts, and agreements must be approved by the Islamic Parliament of Iran. The proclamation of martial law is forbidden. In case of war or a similar state of emergency, the government has the right to temporarily impose certain restrictions with the approval of the Islamic Parliament of Iran. But in no case may such restrictions exceed thirty days, and if the necessity should persist, the government must seek new authorization from the Parliament.
The taking or granting of loans or grants-in-aid, domestic or foreign, by the government must be with the approval of the Islamic Parliament of Iran. The granting of concessions to foreigners, whether for the establishment of companies or institutions dealing with commerce, industry, agriculture, services or mineral extraction, is absolutely forbidden. The employment of foreign experts is forbidden, except in cases of necessity and with the approval of the Islamic Parliament of Iran.
Government buildings and property regarded as part of the national heritage may not be transferred except with the approval of the Islamic Parliament of Iran, with the exclusion of irreplaceable treasures. Every representative is accountable to the entire nation and has the right to express his views on all affairs of the country, internal and external.
The office of a representative is vested in the individual, and is not transferable. The Parliament may not delegate the power of legislation to an individual or committee. But whenever necessary, it may delegate the power of enacting certain laws to its own committees, in accordance with Article In such cases, the laws will be implemented on a tentative basis for a period specified by the Parliament, and their final approval will be with the Parliament.
Similarly, the Parliament may, in accordance with Article 72, delegate to the relevant committees the responsibility of permanent approval of articles of association of government organizations, companies, and institutions, or such as are affiliated to the government, or permit the government to approve them. Judgment in this matter will lie with the Guardian Council in accordance with the procedure stated in Article Furthermore, the government approvals may not be against the general laws and regulations of the country, and while being notified for implementation they must be communicated to the Speaker of the Islamic Parliament of Iran to examine and confirm the absence of any inconsistency therein with the aforementioned laws.
In the course of performing their duties as representatives, members of the Parliament are completely free to express their views and cast their votes. They may not be prosecuted or arrested for opinions expressed in the Parliament or votes cast in the course of their duties as representatives.
The President must obtain a vote of confidence from the Parliament for the Cabinet after its formation and before all other business. During his incumbency, he may also seek such a vote of confidence for the Cabinet from the Parliament on important and controversial issues. Whenever at least one-fourth of the total members of the Islamic Parliament of Iran raise a question with the President, or when any one member of the Parliament poses a question to a minister, on a subject relating to their duties, the President, or the minister, is obliged to attend the Parliament and answer the question.
This answer may not be delayed for more than one month in the case of the President, and ten days in the case of the minister, except with an excuse deemed reasonable by the Islamic Parliament of Iran. Members of the Islamic Parliament of Iran may interpellate the Ministerial Cabinet or an individual minister whenever it is deemed necessary.
Interpellations may be tabled when presented to the Parliament signed by at least ten members. The Cabinet or the interpellated minister must be present in the Parliament within ten days after the tabling of the interpellation in order to respond to it and seek a vote of confidence.
If the Cabinet, or the minister, fails to attend the Parliament, the members who tabled the interpellation will explain their reasons and the Parliament may declare a vote of no-confidence if deemed necessary. If a vote of confidence is not pronounced by the Parliament, the Cabinet, or the minister interpellated, will be dismissed. In both the cases, the ministers interpellated may not be a member of the next Cabinet. Should two-thirds of the members of the Parliament declare a vote of no confidence after hearing the statements of the opposing and favoring members and the reply of the President, this will be communicated to the Leadership for implementation of Clause 10 of Article Complaints concerning the performance of the Parliament, or the Executive, or the Judiciary, may be forwarded in writing to the Islamic Parliament of Iran.
The Parliament must investigate these complaints and give a satisfactory reply. When the complaint relates to the Executive or the Judiciary, the Parliament must demand a proper investigation and an adequate explanation from them, and announce the results within a reasonable time.
When the subject of the complaint is of public interest, the reply must be made public. A council to be known as the Guardian Council is to be constituted to safeguard Islamic laws and the Constitution and to verify the compatibility of legislation passed by the Islamic Parliament of Iran with them.
It will be composed of the following :. They will be appointed by the Leader. Six lawyers, specializing in various fields of law. They will be elected by the Islamic Parliament of Iran from among Muslim lawyers nominated by the Head of the Judiciary.
Members of the Guardian Council are appointed for six years, but after three years during the first term half of the members from each group will be replaced by lot and new members appointed in their place. The Islamic Parliament of Iran has no legal status without the Guardian Council, except for approving the credentials of its own members and electing six lawyers of the Guardian Council.
The Guardian Council must review it within ten days of its receipt to verify its compatibility with the criteria of Islam and the Constitution. If it finds the legislation incompatible, it will be returned to the Parliament for review. Otherwise the legislation will be considered passed. When the Guardian Council considers ten days inadequate for completing the process of review and delivering a definite opinion, the Islamic Parliament of Iran may be requested to grant an extension not exceeding ten days citing the grounds for the request.
The right of interpretation of the Constitution is vested in the Guardian Council and is subject to the consent of three-fourths of its members. The Guardian Council is responsible for supervising the elections of the Parliament of Experts for Leadership, the President of the Republic, the Islamic Parliament of Iran, and direct recourse to popular opinion through referenda. The Councils.
The members of every council will be elected by its respective population. Eligibility of the voters and candidates of these local Councils, as well as their jurisdiction and authority, mode of election, supervision, and hierarchywhich should be in due consideration of the principles of national unity, territorial integrity, the order of the Islamic Republic, and the sovereignty of the central governmentwill be determined by law.
A Supreme Council of the Provinces will be established consisting of representatives of the Provincial Councils, in order to prevent discrimination and to ensure cooperation in the formulation of welfare and development plans for the provinces, and to coordinate the execution of such plans. The manner of formation and duties of this council will be determined by law.
Within its jurisdiction, the Supreme Council of the Provinces has the right to draft bills and to submit them to the Islamic Parliament of Iran, either directly or through the government. These bills must be examined by the Parliament. Governors of provinces, towns and divisions as well as other officials appointed by the government must abide by the decisions of the local Councils made within their jurisdiction.
In order to ensure Islamic justice and cooperation in planning and coordination in expediting matters, councils will be formed, constituted of representatives of workers, peasants, other employees and managers, in production units, industrial and agricultural, and of representatives of members of units in educational, administrative, service and other similar sectors.
The formation, duties and jurisdiction of these councils will be determined by law. The Councils may not be dissolved unless they deviate from their lawful duties.
The authority responsible for ascertaining such deviation, as well as the procedure for the dissolution and reformation of the Councils will be specified by law. Should a Council have any objection to its dissolution, it has the right to appeal to a competent court which will be duty-bound to examine it outside the docket sequence.
The Leader or the Leadership Council. These Experts will review and deliberate concerning the merits of all the qualified jurists possessing the qualifications specified in Articles 5 and In the event of them finding someone more learned in Islamic ordinances and subjects of Islamic law or in political and social issues, or possessing general popularity or a special prominence in respect of the qualifications mentioned in Article , he will be appointed as the Leader. Otherwise, they shall elect one of them as the Leader.
The Leader is equal to all other citizens in the eyes of law. The law relating to the number of the Experts, their qualifications, mode of their election, and the internal code of procedure for holding sessions must, for the first term, be drawn up by the jurists on the first Guardian Council and passed by a majority vote and finally approved by the Leader of the Revolution.
The qualifications for Leadership are :. The scholarship required for giving ruling fatwa in various fields of Islamic law fiqh. A sound political and social vision, prudence, courage, administrative skills and adequate leadership abilities. Supervision of the proper execution of the general policies of the regime. Issuing of decrees for national referenda.
Supreme command of the armed forces. Declaration of war and peace, and mobilization of the armed forces. Appointment, dismissal, and acceptance of the resignation of :. The jurists of the Guardian Council. The Head of the Judiciary. The Head of the radio and television network of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Chief of the joint staff.
The Commanders-in-Chief of the armed forces and the law-enforcement forces. Resolving differences between the three powers of the State and regulation of their relations. Resolving problems irresolvable by conventional means through the State Expediency Council. The competence of candidates for the Presidency, in respect of the qualifications specified in the Constitution, must be confirmed by the Guardian Council before elections, and also by the Leadership during the first term.
Pardon or reduction, within the framework of Islamic criteria, of the sentences of convicts upon the proposal of the Head of the Judiciary.
The Leader may delegate part of his functions and authority to another person. Whenever the Leader is incapable of carrying out his constitutional duties, or loses one of the qualifications mentioned in Articles 5 and , or it becomes known that he did not initially possess these, he will be dismissed.
The judgment in this matter rests with the Experts mentioned in Article In the event of the death, resignation, or dismissal of the Leader, the Parliament of Experts shall expedite the appointment of a new Leader.
During this time a Council consisting of the President, Head of the Judiciary, and a jurist from the Guardian Council, as decided by the State Expediency Council, shall provisionally assume the duties of the Leader.
In the event of any one of them being unable to fulfill these duties, for whatsoever reason, another person shall be appointed by the State Expediency Council, with due observance of a majority of jurists on the [Provisional Leadership] Council. This Council will carry out the functions of the Leader in respect of Clauses 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10, and Sub-classes d , e and f of Clause 6 of Article , with the approval of three-fourths of the members of the State Expediency Council.
Whenever the Leader becomes temporarily unable to perform the duties of Leadership owing to illness or some other accident, the [Provisional] Council mentioned in this article shall assume his duties. The State Expediency Council will also meet to consult on any issue referred to it by the Leader or related to its duties as mentioned in this Constitution.
The permanent and provisional members of this Council shall be appointed by the Leader. Building a valid and just economic system, in accordance with Islamic criteria, in order to create welfare, eliminate poverty, and abolish all forms of deprivation with respect to food, housing, work, health care, and the provision of social insurance for all; … Art.
All civil, penal, financial, economic, administrative, cultural, military, political, and other laws and regulations must be based on Islamic criteria. This principle applies absolutely and generally to all articles of the Constitution as well as to all other laws and regulations, and the fuqaha' of the Guardian Council shall determine this matter. The Islamic Consultative Assembly cannot enact laws contrary to the official religion of the country or to the Constitution.
It is the duty of the Guardian Council to determine whether a violation has occurred, in accordance with Article This basic aspiration was made explicit by the very nature of the great Islamic Revolution of Iran, as well as the course of the Muslim people's struggle, from its beginning until victory, as reflected in the decisive and forceful slogans raised by all segments of the populations. Now, at the threshold of this great victory, our nation, with all its being, seeks its fulfilment.
The mission of the Constitution is to realize the ideological objectives of the movement and to create conditions conducive to the development of man in accordance with the noble and universal values of Islam. Provision has therefore been made for the creation of a judicial system based on Islamic justice and operated by just judges with meticulous knowledge of the Islamic laws.
This system, because of its essentially sensitive nature and the need for full ideological conformity, must be free from every kind of unhealthy relation and connection this is in accordance with the Qur'anic verse "When you judge among the people, judge with justice" [].
The Judiciary in the Constitution, Preamble. The Islamic Republic is a system based on belief in: 1. The One God as stated in the phrase "There is no god except Allah" , His exclusive sovereignty and right to legislate, and the necessity of submission to His commands; 2.
Divine revelation and its fundamental role in setting forth the laws; … Art. In regions of the country where Muslims following any one of these schools of fiqh constitute the majority, local regulations, within the bounds of the jurisdiction of local councils, are to be in accordance with the respective school of fiqh, without infringing upon the rights of the followers of other schools.
After the demise of the eminent marji' al-taqlid and great leader of the universal Islamic revolution, and founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatullah al-'Uzma Imam Khumayni--quddisa sirruh al-sharif--who was recognised and accepted as marji' and Leader by a decisive majority of the people, the task of appointing the Leader shall be vested with the experts elected by the people.
The Leadership Experts will review and consult among themselves concerning all the fuqaha' possessing the qualifications specified in Articles 5 and In the event they find one of them better versed in Islamic regulations, the subjects of the fiqh, or in political and social issues, or possessing general popularity or special prominence for any of the qualifications mentioned in Article , they shall elect him as the Leader.
Otherwise, in the absence of such a superiority, they shall elect and declare one of them as the Leader. The Leader thus elected by the Assembly of Experts shall assume all the powers of the wilayat al-amr and all the responsibilities arising therefrom. The Leader is equal with the rest of the people of the country in the eyes of law. Through the creation of Islamic social infrastructures, all the human recources that hitherto served the multifaceted foreign exploitation shall regain their true identity and human rights.
As a part of this natural recovery, it is only natural that women should benefit from a particularly large augmentation of their rights, because of the greater oppression that they suffered under the taghuti regime.
The family is the fundamental unit of society and the main centre for the growth and excellence of human being. This view of the family unit delivers woman from being regarded as an object or as an instrument in the service of promoting consumerism and exploitation. The government must ensure the rights of women in all respects, in conformity with Islamic criteria, and accomplish the following goals: 1.
Contact Us. Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database. Iran Islamic Republic of. Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran , as amended to Citizenship and Nationality Iranian citizenship is the indisputable right of every Iranian, and the government cannot withdraw citizenship from any Iranian unless he himself requests it or acquires the citizenship of another country.
Citizenship and Nationality Foreign nationals may acquire Iranian citizenship within the framework of the laws. Jurisdiction and Access The authority of the interpretation of the Constitution is vested with the Guardian Council, which is to be done with the consent of three-fourths of its members. Education In order to attain the objectives specified in Article 2, the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has the duty of directing all its resources to the following goals: … 3.
Education The government must provide all citizens with free education up to end of secondary school, and must expand free higher education to the extent required by the country for attaining self-sufficiency. Education The economy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, with its objectives of achieving the economic independence of the society, uprooting poverty and deprivation, and fulfilling human needs in the process of development while preserving human liberty, is based on the following criteria: 1.
Employment Rights and Protection … it is the duty of the Islamic government to furnish all citizens with equal and appropriate opportunities, to provide them with work, and to satisfy their essential needs, so that the persistence of their progress may be assured. Employment Rights and Protection Everyone has the right to choose any occupation he wishes, if it is not contrary to Islam and the public interests, and does not infringe the rights of others.
Employment Rights and Protection The economy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, with its objectives of achieving the economic independence of the society, uprooting poverty and deprivation, and fulfilling human needs in the process of development while preserving human liberty, is based on the following criteria: … 2. Equality and Non-Discrimination In order to attain the objectives specified in Article 2, the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has the duty of directing all its resources to the following goals: … 9.
Equality and Non-Discrimination All people of Iran, whatever the ethnic group or tribe to which they belong, enjoy equal rights; and colour, race, language, and the like, do not bestow any privilege. Equality and Non-Discrimination All citizens of the country, both men and women, equally enjoy the protection of the law and enjoy all human, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, in conformity with Islamic criteria. Obligations of the State In order to attain the objectives specified in Article 2, the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has the duty of directing all its resources to the following goals: … 7.
Obligations of the State In accordance with the sacred verse "God does not forbid you to deal kindly and justly with those who have not fought against you because of your religion and who have not expelled you from your homes" [], the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and all Muslims are duty-bound to treat non-Muslims in conformity with good morals and the principles of Islamic justice and equity, and to respect their human rights.
Obligations of the State All citizens of the country, both men and women, equally enjoy the protection of the law and enjoy all human, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, in conformity with Islamic criteria. Obligations of the State The dignity, life, property, rights, residence, and occupation of the individual are inviolate, except in cases sanctioned by law. Obligations of Private Parties In accordance with the sacred verse "God does not forbid you to deal kindly and justly with those who have not fought against you because of your religion and who have not expelled you from your homes" [], the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and all Muslims are duty-bound to treat non-Muslims in conformity with good morals and the principles of Islamic justice and equity, and to respect their human rights.
Obligations of Private Parties No one is entitled to exercise his rights in a way injurious to others or detrimental to public interests. Judicial Protection The judiciary is of vital importance in the context of safeguarding the rights of the people in accordance with the line followed by the Islamic movement, in order to prevent deviations within the Islamic nation. Judicial Protection The judiciary is an independent power, the protector of individual and social rights, responsible for the implementation of justice, and entrusted with the following duties: 1.
Marriage and Family Life … The family is the fundamental unit of society and the main centre for the growth and excellence of human being. Marriage and Family Life Since the family is the fundamental unit of Islamic society, all laws, regulations, and pertinent programs must tend to facilitate the formation of a family, and to safeguard its sanctity and the stability of family relations on the basis of the law and the ethics of Islam.
Marriage and Family Life The government must ensure the rights of women in all respects, in conformity with Islamic criteria, and accomplish the following goals: … 2. Marriage and Family Life It is the right of every Iranian individual and family to possess housing commensurate with his needs.
Marriage and Family Life The economy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, with its objectives of achieving the economic independence of the society, uprooting poverty and deprivation, and fulfilling human needs in the process of development while preserving human liberty, is based on the following criteria: 1. Minorities Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian Iranians are the only recognized religious minorities, who, within the limits of the law, are free to perform their religious rites and ceremonies, and to act according to their own canon in matters of personal affairs and religious education.
Minorities In accordance with the sacred verse "God does not forbid you to deal kindly and justly with those who have not fought against you because of your religion and who have not expelled you from your homes" [], the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and all Muslims are duty-bound to treat non-Muslims in conformity with good morals and the principles of Islamic justice and equity, and to respect their human rights. Minorities All people of Iran, whatever the ethnic group or tribe to which they belong, enjoy equal rights; and colour, race, language, and the like, do not bestow any privilege.
Minorities Parties, societies, political or professional associations, as well as religious societies, whether Islamic or pertaining to one of the recognized religious minorities, are permitted provided they do not violate the principles of independence, freedom, national unity, the criteria of Islam, or the basis of the Islamic Republic. Participation in Public Life and Institutions … Not only does woman recover thereby her momentous and precious function of motherhood, rearing of ideologically committed human beings, she also assumes a pioneering social role and becomes the fellow struggler of man in all vital areas of life, thus, she is given greater responsibility and in Islamic view, she is accorded higher value and dignity.
Participation in Public Life and Institutions In order to attain the objectives specified in Article 2, the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has the duty of directing all its resources to the following goals: … 8.
Participation in Public Life and Institutions All citizens of the country, both men and women, equally enjoy the protection of the law and enjoy all human, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, in conformity with Islamic criteria. Political Rights and Association … With due attention to this goal, the Constitution provides the basis of such participation by all members of society at all stages of the political decision-making process on which the destiny of the country depends.
Political Rights and Association In order to attain the objectives specified in Article 2, the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has the duty of directing all its resources to the following goals: … 7. Political Rights and Association All citizens of the country, both men and women, equally enjoy the protection of the law and enjoy all human, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, in conformity with Islamic criteria.
Political Rights and Association Parties, societies, political or professional associations, as well as religious societies, whether Islamic or pertaining to one of the recognized religious minorities, are permitted provided they do not violate the principles of independence, freedom, national unity, the criteria of Islam, or the basis of the Islamic Republic. Political Parties Parties, societies, political or professional associations, as well as religious societies, whether Islamic or pertaining to one of the recognized religious minorities, are permitted provided they do not violate the principles of independence, freedom, national unity, the criteria of Islam, or the basis of the Islamic Republic.
Electoral Bodies The Guardian Council has the responsibility of supervising the elections of the Assembly of Experts for Leadership, the President of the Republic, the Islamic Consultative Assembly, and the direct recourse to popular opinion and referenda.
Head of State After the office of Leadership, the President is the highest official in the country. Head of State The President is elected for a four-year term by the direct vote of the people. Head of State The President must be elected from among religious and political personalities possessing the following qualifications: Iranian origin; Iranian nationality; administrative capacity and resourcefulness; a good past-record; trustworthiness and piety; convinced belief in the fundamental principles of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the official madhhab of the country.
Government Ministers will be appointed by the President and will be presented to the Assembly for a vote of confidence. Government The President is the head of the Council of Ministers. Legislature The functions of the legislature are to be exercised through the Islamic Consultative Assembly, consisting of the elected representatives of the people.
Legislature The Islamic Consultative Assembly is constituted by the representatives of the people elected directly and by secret ballot.
Legislature There are to be two hundred seventy members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly which, keeping in view the human, political, geographic and other similar factors, may increase by not more than twenty for each ten-year period from the date of the national referendum of the year of the solar Islamic calendar. Large industries such as banking, mining, and insurance are part of the state sector. Enterprises concerned with production and distribution form part of the cooperative sector.
Agriculture and lesser trades and services form the private sector Art. Article 47 assures private ownership. The latter is composed of twelve members versed in Islamic law who are to insure the conformity of national laws with Islam Art.
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